Abstract “First-last mile” (FLM) is an informal composed-word, widely used to indicate the first and the last leg of each transport movement. In this paper, it is defined as a complex system characterized by three interconnected macro factors that determine the success of a transport planning system. This is a very challenging part of the transport system from a planning perspective because of the critical issues that make it not much reliable and cost-effective. This paper capitalizes on the experiences gained in different implementations/studies and provides a theoretical framework for a good assessment and planning of the first-last mile. It stems from the recognition that the literature proposes different solutions and methods, ranging from the promotion of green transport to the use of ITS technologies. For this reason, this paper aims at elaborating some guidelines on how to tackle the problem in different territorial contexts, trying to be a help to the planners to reduce the negative consequences of mobility. Five main phases are identified here: 1) First-last mile identification; 2) Schematization of the problem and cost analysis; 3) Definition of the stakeholder involvement in the process; 4) Identification of the critical aspects of the process; 5) Identification of the best strategies to reduce costs. For each phase, the indicators to be taken into account for a correct transport planning are discussed, as a first step for stakeholders and policy-makers for making themselves aware of the significant potential of this issue.

Highlights • Different solutions and various methods are proposed in the literature for planning freight-passengers first-last mile (FLM). • This paper identifies a systematic approach for the analysis of a wide category of FLM problems. • It proves a useful effort to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of each instance. • Implications of the study and directions for future research are identified.