Application of a sodium sulfur cell with dynamic sulfur electrode to a battery system

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Application of a sodium sulfur cell with dynamic sulfur electrode to a battery system

Tokoi, H. / Takahashi, K. / Shimoyashiki, S.

The construction and performance of a sodium sulfur battery system with dynamic sulfur electrodes are described. Three cells were first connected in parallel, then two such groups were connected in series. Each cell included a liquid sodium filled beta "-alumina tube and a system to feed liquid sulfur into the annular cathode. Low-resistance graphite felt was tightly packed around the beta "-alumina tube. Sodium pentasulfide was removed from the sulfur electrode. The battery was operated automatically and stably charged and discharged in the two-phase region. The discharged energy was 4372 Wh (capacity 1170 Ah) during a continuous operation of 19.5 h. The discharge/charge energy efficiency of the battery was 82% at an averaged current density of 100 mA/cm² and operating temperature of 350 degrees C. The deviation of the cell current in a parallel chain was less than 7%, and this was induced by the difference in internal resistance. In the dally charge/discharge cycle, cell capacity with the dynamic sulfur electrode was 1.5 times higher than that with the static sulfur electrode using the same active surface of beta "-alumina, because the internal resistance of the former cell was constant regardless of cell capacity. This battery system with a dynamic sulfur electrode can be applied to energy storage systems, such as large scale load leveling systems, electric vehicle batteries, and solar energy systems.