Influence of European UAS Regulations on Image Acquisition for 3D Building Modeling

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Influence of European UAS Regulations on Image Acquisition for 3D Building Modeling

Gabara, Grzegorz

The dynamic development of 3D building reconstruction using digital images obtained with unmanned aerial systems (UAS) has been observed in recent years. The popularity of UAS is due to its wide technological availability at a low price, compared to geodetic measurement equipment, laser scanners, or manned flight missions. In practice, the usage of UAS for 3D building reconstruction and modelling allows the acceleration of the production process (image acquisition, processing, computation) while maintaining a high quality of the final product. With the increasing number of new flying objects in airspace and because of differences in UAS regulation in each EU country, it was necessary to adapt the rules for the operation of unmanned aircraft to standardize regulations, make operations easier, and assure aviation safety. Due to this fact, from 31 December 2020, the new European Union (EU) Commission Implementing Regulation 2019/947 on the rules and procedures for the operation of unmanned aircraft entered into force across the continent. The new regulations replaced each EU national’s existing laws and applied to all UAS pilots. They have adopted a risk-based approach and do not distinguish between leisure or commercial activities like previous regulations. To assess the operational risk and to determine the category of flight mission, the weight and specifications of the UAS, the operation, and UAS pilot qualification are taken into account. Because of that, new categories of operations have been established. In this study, the review of 3D reconstruction using UAS was performed and the new EU UAS regulations in the context of the image acquisition of buildings in different levels of detail (LoD) were studied. For this purpose, the practical 3D reconstructions of buildings were analyzed. Furthermore, taking Poland as an example, new unified EU rules were compared with the previous ones.