Advisor: Javier Gonzalez-Jiménez. PhD thesis defended 27th October 2014, Universidad de Malaga ; This thesis addresses the problem of localization and mapping in mobile robotics. The ability of a robot to build a map of an unknown environment from sensory information is required to perform self-localization and autonomous navigation, as a necessary condition to carry out more complex tasks. This problem has been widely investigated in the last decades, but the solutions presented have still important limitations, mainly to cope with large scale and dynamic environments, and to work in a wider range of conditions and scenarios. In this context, this thesis takes a step forward towards highly efficient localization and mapping.A first contribution of this work is a new mapping strategy that presents two key features: the lightweight representation of world metric information, and the organization of this metric map into a topological structure that allows efficient localization and map optimization. Regarding the first issue, a map is proposed based on planar patches which are extracted from range or RGB-D images. This plane-based map (PbMap) is particularly well suited for indoor scenarios, and has the advantage of being a very compact and still a descriptive representation which is useful to perform real-time place recognition and loop closure. These operations are based on matching planar features taking into account their geometric relationships. On the other hand, the abstraction of metric information is necessary to deal with large scale SLAM and with navigation in complex environments. For that, we propose to structure the map in a metric-topological structure which is dynamically organized upon the sensor observations. Also, a simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) system employing an omnidirectional RGB-D device which combines several structured-light sensors (Asus Xtion Pro Live) is presented. This device allows the quick construction of rich models of the environment at a relative low cost in ...